Lesson 15 — Advanced

Top 50 Computer Fundamentals Questions

Ye hai wo 50 questions jo computer fundamentals mein sabse zyada poochhe jaate hain — interviews, TCS/Infosys, aur exams ke liye. Har answer Hinglish mein. Inhein padh lo, fundamentals ready.

⏱ 20 min• Advanced• All lessons

Basics & Hardware (Q1-12)

Sabse fundamental questions — ye har entry-level interview mein aate hain:

Q1. Computer kya hai?  → Input-Process-Output karne wala electronic device
Q2. Von Neumann kya hai? → Stored program concept (program bhi data jaisa)
Q3. RAM vs ROM?         → RAM volatile+R/W, ROM non-volatile+RO
Q4. BIOS kahan hai?      → ROM mein (boot ke liye)
Q5. ALU vs CU?           → ALU calculate, CU coordinate
Q6. Volatile memory?     → RAM (power jaate hi gaya)
Q7. SSD vs HDD?          → SSD no moving parts (fast), HDD disk (slow)
Q8. Cache kyun?          → CPU-RAM speed gap bridge karne
Q9. Registers?           → CPU ke andar fastest memory
Q10. Input/output?       → keyboard=input, monitor=output
Q11. Soft vs hard copy?  → screen vs printed paper
Q12. Microprocessor?     → pura CPU ek chip pe (Gen 4)

Tip: Ye 12 questions interview ka foundation hain. Har ek ka 1-line answer yaad rakho — confidence badhega.

OS & Software (Q13-24)

Q13. OS kya hai?        → system software, hardware-user interface
Q14. OS functions?      → process, memory, file, device, security
Q15. Process vs program? → running vs passive (file)
Q16. Scheduling algos?   → FCFS, SJF, Round Robin, Priority
Q17. Round Robin kya?    → time quantum se fair scheduling
Q18. Paging vs seg?      → fixed pages vs variable segments
Q19. Virtual memory?     → chhoti RAM pe bada program
Q20. Thrashing?          → bahut zyada page faults = slow
Q21. System vs app SW?   → computer vs user ke liye
Q22. Compiler vs interp? → poora ek saath vs line by line
Q23. Driver kya?         → hardware-OS translator (system SW)
Q24. Utility program?    → antivirus, cleanup (system SW)

Networking & Internet (Q25-36)

Q25. LAN vs WAN?        → local building vs wide area
Q26. Internet = ?        → largest WAN (world)
Q27. Router vs switch?   → router=networks, switch=LAN(MAC)
Q28. Hub vs switch?      → hub broadcast(dumb), switch smart
Q29. Topologies?         → bus, star, ring, mesh, tree
Q30. Star topology?      → sab central hub pe (common)
Q31. Mesh kyun?          → reliable (redundant paths), costly
Q32. HTTP vs HTTPS?      → 80 vs 443, HTTPS mein SSL/TLS
Q33. DNS kya?            → domain name → IP mapping (phonebook)
Q34. 404 ka matlab?      → page not found
Q35. TCP vs UDP?         → TCP reliable+connection, UDP fast+no connect
Q36. IP address?         → device ka unique number address

Security & Data (Q37-50)

Q37. CIA triad?          → confidentiality, integrity, availability
Q38. Virus vs worm?      → virus=host chahiye, worm=network spread
Q39. Trojan?             → useful dikh kar aata hai (malware)
Q40. Ransomware?          → encrypt + ransom
Q41. Phishing?           → fake site/email se credentials churaana
Q42. Firewall vs antivirus? → traffic filter vs malware scan
Q43. Symmetric vs asym?  → ek key vs public+private key
Q44. Ethical hacking?    → permission lekar vuln dhhoondna (white hat)
Q45. ASCII of A?         → 65
Q46. Binary 1011 = ?     → 11 (decimal)
Q47. Image size formula? → W×H×colordepth/8
Q48. Sampling rate CD?   → 44100 Hz (44.1 kHz)
Q49. Fetch cycle?        → fetch, decode, execute
Q50. PC stores?          → next instruction address

Final tip: In 50 mein se 30+ har CS interview mein ghoom ke aate hain. Roz 10 questions revise karo — 5 din mein sab yaad ho jaayenge.

Exercise

Question: Fetch-decode-execute cycle ke 3 steps (comma se).

Question: CIA triad ke 3 components (comma se).

Question: HTTP aur HTTPS ke port numbers (comma se, HTTP pehle).

Common mistakes

Sirf ratna, samajhna nahi: Ye answers concepts se aate hain. Agar base clear hai toh ratne ki zarurat nahi — khud bol paoge.
Ek line ka answer dena: Interview mein thoda detail chahiye. 1 line + ek example = complete answer.
Practice na karna: Padhne se yaad hoga, bolne se aayega. Aaina ke saamne ya dost ko suna ke practice karo.

Desi example: Interview day checklist

Interview se pehle ye 5 zaroor revise karo — sabse zyada poochhte hain:

1. Fetch-decode-execute cycle
2. RAM vs ROM + storage hierarchy
3. OS 5 functions
4. LAN/WAN + router/switch
5. Virus vs worm + CIA triad
Ye 5 = 80% interview coverage

Exam mapping (TCS / Infosys / Wipro)

TCS NQT: fundamentals se 8-10Q (binary, ASCII, OS, network).
Infosys: conceptual — explain karna padta hai.
Wipro/other: speed + accuracy, ye 50 cover kar lete hain.
Trap: definitions exam mein exact wording poochhta hai — key terms yaad rakho.

Lesson complete?

Course complete! 🎉 tumne computer fundamentals master kar liya. Ab DSA ya Programming path pe jao — foundation strong hai.